Ni gute Voltage nyinshi, ziciriritse, nkeya, na Ultra-High Voltage zishyirwa mu byiciro muri sisitemu z'amashanyarazi?

Gushyira mu byiciro urugero rw'amashanyarazi mu buryo bw'ingufu ni ingenzi mu gutuma ingufu zikwirakwizwa neza, zikwirakwizwa neza, kandi zitekanye. Ingano z'amashanyarazi zigena uburyo amashanyarazi atwarwa mu miyoboro y'amashanyarazi, zigahuzwa mu rwego rwa tekiniki n'ubukungu, kandi zigahuzwa n'ikoreshwa ritandukanye. Iyi nkuru irasuzuma ibipimo ngenderwaho n'amahame agenga aya matsinda, hibandwa cyane kuingufu nyinshi z'amashanyarazi (HV),voltage iri hagati (MV),voltage nke (LV)navoltage iri hejuru cyane (UHV).

1. Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gushyira mu byiciro VoltageEse?

Ibipimo by'amashanyarazi bigenwa ahanini naibipimo ngenderwaho by'amashanyarazi(urugero, IEC, IEEE, amategeko y'igihugu) naibisabwa mu mikorere, harimo:

• Ese?Intera yo kohereza ubutumwa: Imiyoboro myinshi y'amashanyarazi igabanya igihombo cy'ingufu mu ntera ndende.
• Ese?Ubushobozi bw'ingufu: Voltage nyinshi zituma ingufu zihabwa ingufu nyinshi.
• Ese?Igishushanyo mbonera cy'ibikoresho: Gushyira ubushyuhe mu kirere, gukonjesha, no kuramba kw'ibikoresho biterwa n'imbaraga z'amashanyarazi.
• Ese?Imiterere y'urusobe rw'amakuru: Imiterere y'amashanyarazi ijyanye n'urwego rw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi (generation → transmission → distribution).

Ese?2. Ibisobanuro by'urwego rw'amashanyaraziEse?

Ese?Voltage yo hasi (LV)Ese?

• Ese?Urugendo: ≤1.000 V (AC) cyangwa ≤1.500 V (DC).
• Ese?Porogaramu:

• Ingufu z'amashanyarazi zo mu ngo no mu bucuruzi (urugero, 220V/380V mu Bushinwa, 120V/240V muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru).
• Ibikoresho bito, amatara, n'imashini z'inganda.
  • Ese?Ibiranga by'ingenzi:
• Ihuza abakoresha ba nyuma mu buryo butaziguye.
• Bisaba ubushyuhe buke bitewe n'uko nta muvuduko mwinshi uhagije.

Ese?Voltage iri hagati (MV)Ese?

• Ese?Urugendo: 1 kV kugeza 35 kV (bitandukana bitewe n'akarere).

• Ubushinwa: 10 kV–35 kV.
• Uburayi: 11 kV–20 kV.
  • Ese?Porogaramu:
• Gukwirakwiza mu nkengero z'umujyi no mu nganda.
• Imirongo ihuza ibyuma bitanga umusanzu (substations) n'imiyoboro ya LV.
  • Ese?Ibiranga by'ingenzi:
• Iringaniza imikorere myiza n'umutekano mu gutwara abantu mu ntera iri hagati.
• Ikoresha insinga cyangwa imiyoboro yo hejuru ifite ubushyuhe buringaniye.

Ese?Umuvuduko mwinshi w'amashanyarazi (HV)Ese?

• Ese?Urugendo: 35 kV kugeza 220 kV.
• Ese?Porogaramu:

• Ihererekanyamakuru ry’uturere hagati y’imijyi.
• Gutanga amashanyarazi menshi kuva ku nganda zitanga amashanyarazi kugeza ku nganda zitanga amashanyarazi.
  • Ese?Ibiranga by'ingenzi:
• Bisaba uburyo bukomeye bwo gukingira no gukonjesha.
• Ishyigikira urujya n'uruza rw'amashanyarazi ruri hejuru ya kilometero 100–500.

Ese?Umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi mwinshi cyane (UHV)Ese?

• Ese?NA UHV: ≥1.000 kV.
• Ese?DC UHV: ≥±800 kV.
• Ese?Porogaramu:

• Inzira z'ingufu zinyura ku mugabane wose (urugero, umurongo wa AC wa 1.100 kV wo mu Bushinwa).
• Ihererekanya ry'imodoka rikora intera ndende kandi rifite ubushobozi bwo gutwara abantu benshi (urugero, kilometero 2,000–3,000).
  • Ese?Ibiranga by'ingenzi:
• Bigabanya igihombo cya transmission kugeza kuri
• Bituma habaho guhuza ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa (urugero, imirima ikoreshwa n'izuba mu butayu).

Ese?3. Ibitekerezo bya tekiniki n'imikorereEse?

Ese?Amabwiriza yo Guhitamo VoltageEse?

• Ese?Transformateur zizamuka cyaneKu nganda z'amashanyarazi hongerwa ingufu z'amashanyarazi kuri HV/UHV kugira ngo ziherekezwe.
• Ese?Transfoma zimanuka ku ntambweKu masitasiyo agabanya voltage kuri MV/LV ku bakoresha.
• Ese?Ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'urusobe rw'amashanyarazi: Umuvuduko mwinshi w'amashanyarazi ukeneye sisitemu zo kurinda zigezweho (urugero: imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi, imiyoboro ifunga umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi).

Ese?Ingaruka ku bukungu no ku bidukikijeEse?

• Ese?Ikoreshwa ry'ibiciro neza: Imiyoboro ya UHV ifite ingufu zingana na 4–5× zirenze imiyoboro ya kV 500, bigabanya ikiguzi cy'ibikorwa remezo kuri buri gice.
• Ese?Imikoreshereze y'ubutaka: Imihanda ya UHV ifite umwanya muto ugereranije n'imirongo myinshi iteganye ya voltage nke.
• Ese?Kugabanya karuboni: Ihererekanyamakuru rikora neza rifasha gukoresha ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa.

Ese?4. Impinduka ku Isi mu Bipimo by'Umuvuduko w'IngufuEse?

Nubwo amahame ya IEC atanga urwego, imikorere y’igihugu iratandukanye:

• Ese?Ubushinwa:

• UHV AC: 1.000 kV; DC: ± 800 kV (urugero, umurongo wa Xiangjiaba-Shanghai).
• MV: 10 kV–35 kV.
  • Ese?Uburayi:
• Ubushyuhe: 110 kV–220 kV; UHV: 380 kV (AC) na ± 500 kV (DC).
  • Ese?Amerika ya Ruguru:
• Ubushyuhe: 69 kV–230 kV; UHV: 500 kV (AC) na ± 800 kV (DC).

Ese?5. Ingendo z'ejo hazazaEse?

• Ese?Udukoresho tw'ubwenge: Guhuza IoT mu kugenzura amashanyarazi mu buryo bwihuse.
• Ese?Udukoresho duto twa DC: Ikoreshwa rya DC muri sisitemu za MV/LV rikomeje kwiyongera mu guhuza ibikoresho bishya.
• Ese?Ibikoresho bigezweho: Superconductors zikoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi kugira ngo zihererekanye nta gutakaza.

Ese?UmwanzuroEse?

Gushyira ingufu mu byiciro bituma ingufu zigenda neza kuva ku ikoreshwa kugeza ku rindi. Nubwo ingufu nke n’iziciriritse zishyira imbere ubushobozi bwo kuzikoresha, ingufu nyinshi n’izikomeye cyane zituma zirushaho kwaguka no gukora neza. Uko imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi igenda itera imbere mu kwegereza abaturage ubuyobozi no mu buryo burambye, amahame y’amashanyarazi azakomeza guhinduka, ahuza imbaraga za tekiniki n’uburyo bwo kubungabunga ibidukikije.