Politiki z'inganda ku mashini zihindura amashanyarazi ku isi yose guhera mu 2025

Hashingiwe ku makuru rusange kuva muri Mutarama kugeza muri Nyakanga 2025,Politiki z'inganda zihindura amashanyarazi akoresha ingufu nyinshi kwibanda ku isi yose kuriKuvugurura uburyo ingufu zikoreshwa neza, gushyigikira ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa, kugenzura isoko, no guhuza imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi mu karere. Dore incamake y’imiterere y’ingamba z’ingenzi za politiki y’igihugu/akarere:

I. Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi (EU): Gushimangira Ikoreshwa ry’Ingufu n’Ibisabwa mu Guteza Imbere Ibidukikije mu Guhindura Ibidukikije​
EU ikomeje kuba urwego ruyoboye ku isi mu gushyiraho amahame akaze agenga ikoreshwa ry'ingufu ku rwego rwo hejuruTransformateur z'amashanyarazipolitiki zo mu 2025 zishyira imbere impinduka nkeya za karuboni binyuze mu bipimo by'imikorere myiza n'ubukungu buzenguruka:

​1. Amabwiriza Agezweho yo Kunoza Imikoreshereze y'Ingufu:Dukurikije amabwiriza agenga ibidukikije (ErP Directive, 2009/125/EC), hagati na hagati Transformateur z'ingufu (harimo n'ubwoko bwa voltage nyinshi) bifite imipaka ikomeye ku kubura umutwaro no kubura umutwaro, aho impuzandengo ya 15% igabanuka ugereranije n'ingero zabanje. Igipimo cyo gukoresha ingufu neza ku mashini zihindura ingufu kizava mu cyiciro cya E kikajya mu cyiciro cya D bitarenze 2025, bitume hakoreshwa ibikoresho bitakaza umutwaro muke (urugero: alloys zidafite ifoto, nanocrystalline cores) hamwe n'ikoranabuhanga ryo guhindura ubushobozi bw'ikoranabuhanga.

2. Amategeko agenga ubukungu bw'uruziga: Guhera mu 2025, Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi uzashyiraho amategeko ku gipimo cyo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho bya transformer (urugero: ibikoresho byo mu gice cy’imbere n’ibyo mu gisenge) kandi ukomeze kugenzura imyanda y’ikoranabuhanga (harimo na transformer). Inganda zizaba zifite inshingano zo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho.

3.Icyemezo cya CE cyongerewe: Transformateur zifite ingufu nyinshi zoherezwa mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi zigomba kubahiriza amabwiriza agenga imikorere ya Electromagnetic (EMC, 2014/30/EU) n’amabwiriza agenga imashini (MD, 2006/42/EC) (niba zifite umuyaga wo gukonjesha). Inzira zo kwemeza ibiciro zizaba zikomeye muri 2025, zigasaba isuzuma rya EMC n’inzego zamenyeshejwe na EU n’isuzuma ryuzuye ry’umutekano.

II. Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba: Izamuka ry'Ubukene Butaziguye Riterwa na Politiki z'Ingufu z'Izuba​
Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba, akarere gakomeye ku iterambere ry'inganda zikora imashini zitanga ingufu za volteji ku isi (PV), karimo kongera ikiguzi cya transfoma zifite ingufu nyinshi binyuze mu Inkunga za PV n'ivugurura ry'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi:

1. Indoneziya: Irateganya guteza imbere imishinga y’ingufu zisubiramo za GW 100 (harimo na GW 75 za PV) mu myaka 15 iri imbere. Mu 2025, izibanda ku mashanyarazi manini ya PV, bigatuma hakenerwa transformateur zifite amashanyarazi menshi (urugero, 220 kV no hejuru yayo).
2. Tayilande: Gahunda yo guteza imbere ingufu z'amashanyarazi yavuguruwe yo mu 2024 igamije kongera ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa zikagera kuri 51% by'ubushobozi bwose mu 2037. Nta misoro itangwa ku bicuruzwa bya PV bitumizwa mu mahanga na "gahunda yo kugabanya umusoro wa PV hejuru y'inzu" (ireba ingo 90.000 mu 2025) bizamura icyifuzo cya transfoma zijyanye na PV.
3. Viyetinamu: Yahinduye politiki yayo yo gushyira PV ku gisenge mu 2024 kugira ngo ikurweho imbibi z'ubushobozi bwo gukoresha no koroshya inzira zo kuyikoresha. Mu 2025, intego ni ukugira ingo 50% n'ibiro bikoresha PV ku gisenge, bikongera icyifuzo cy'imashini zihindura amashanyarazi zifite amashanyarazi make kugeza ku gipimo cy'ubushyuhe (urugero, 10 kV class).
4. Maleziya: Yatangije isoko ryayo rya gatanu rya PV nini (2 GW) mu 2024 kandi igabanya amategeko agenga imishinga yo kwiyishyurira. Muri 2025, ubushobozi bwo gushyiraho PV buzakomeza guhindagurika cyangwa bukiyongera gato, bigatuma icyifuzo cya transfoma gikomeza kwiyongera.

III. Ubuhinde: Gukomeza gushyira ibirango mu mikoreshereze y'ingufu no gukomeza kugenzura isoko
Igenzura ry’imashini zihindura amashanyarazi mu Buhinde rishingiye ku ibipimo ngenderwaho mu gukoresha neza ingufun'amahame y'umutekano, hamwe na politiki zo mu 2025 zinoza ishyirwa mu bikorwa:

1. Ibirango by'ingenzi byo gukoresha neza ingufu: Dukurikije Itegeko ry’amashanyarazi, ibicuruzwa bya transformer bigomba kugaragaza amanota yo gukoresha neza ingufu (bijyanye n’amahame mpuzamahanga nka IEC 60076-1). Isosiyete ya leta ishinzwe ingufu z’amashanyarazi NPCIL ishyira imbere ibicuruzwa bifite imikorere myiza mu gutanga amasoko.
2. Inzitizi ku bidukikije: Amategeko yo mu 2018 agenga imicungire y’imyanda ikoresheje ikoranabuhanga asaba abakora ikoranabuhanga kugabanya ingano y’ibyuma biremereye (urugero: icyuma cy’ubutare, mercure) no kunoza uburyo bwo kongera gukoresha imyanda ikoresheje ikoranabuhanga. Ubugenzuzi buzarushaho gukazwa mu 2025.
3. Irushanwa ku isoko: Ibigo by’imbere mu gihugu (urugero, BHEL, L&T) birimo kugabanya icyuho hagati y’ibigo bikomeye ku isi (urugero, ABB, Siemens) binyuze mu guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga. Ingano y’isoko mu bigo bitanu bya mbere iri kugabanuka gato (kuva kuri 70% kugeza kuri 65% muri 2025), mu gihe ibigo bikiri bishya (by’inzobere mu by’amashanyarazi agabanya ingufu) birimo kwihutisha kwinjira ku isoko.

IV. Ubushinwa: Kwibanda ku guhuza ingufu zisubira n'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho kugira ngo habeho iterambere ry'inganda
Nk’ikigo kinini ku isi gitunganya transformer, politiki y’Ubushinwa yo mu 2025 ishingiye kuInkunga y'ingufu zisubira, kubaka imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi, no kunoza imikorere myiza:

​1. Guhuza ingufu zisubira: Komisiyo y’Iterambere n’Ivugurura ry’Ingufu (NDRC) n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Ingufu (NEA) bashyizeho politiki zo gushyigikira ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ku mashini zihindura amashanyarazi mu mishinga y’amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu muyaga n’ayakwirakwizwa mu mahanga. Mu 2025, isoko ry’imashini zihindura amashanyarazi mu muyaga mu mahanga riteganijwe kugera kuri miliyari 15 z’amayuani, aho icyifuzo cy’imashini zihindura amashanyarazi zikoreshwa mu muyaga ziyongeraho 35%.
2. Iterambere ry'Umuyoboro wa Smart Grid: Ihuriro ry’amashanyarazi rya Leta rirateganya gushora miliyari 80 z’amayuan mu 2025 mu rwego rwo kuvugurura ibikoresho byo kohereza no gukwirakwiza ingufu, aho transfoma zitwara amashanyarazi zirenga 40% by’ibiciro. Inzego z’ingenzi zirimo voltage iri hejuru cyane (± 800 kV no hejuru yayo) na transfoma zigezweho (isoko ryiyongera kuva kuri 20% kugeza kuri 25%).
3. Amabwiriza Agezweho yo Kunoza Imikoreshereze y'Ingufu: Agaciro ntarengwa kemewe k’ingufu n’ibipimo byo gukoresha neza ingufu (GB 20052-2025) kavuguruwe kazakuraho ibicuruzwa bidafite ubushobozi bwo gukoresha neza ingufu biri munsi ya S13. Transformers zikoresha ubushobozi bwo gukoresha neza ingufu (Icyiciro cya 1) zizaba zemerewe kugabanyirizwa umusoro ku nyongeragaciro wa 70%, bikihutisha impinduka mu nganda zigana ku musaruro mwiza.

V. Amerika ya Ruguru: Transformers zigezweho n'imikoranire y'urusobe rw'amashanyarazi mu karere
Amerika ya Ruguru (Amerika, Kanada, Megizike) iri kwibanda ku transfoma zigezweho naguhuza grid z'akarereMu 2025:

1. Kwamamaza Transformer ikoresheje ubwenge: Politiki za leta ya Amerika zishinzwe ingufu zisukuye zishyigikira ubushakashatsi n'iterambere ku mashini zihindura ingufu zigezweho, aho ingano y'isoko iteganijwe kurenga miliyari 20 z'amadolari y'Amerika mu 2025 (igipimo cy'izamuka ry'ingufu buri mwaka kirenga 10%). Porogaramu zirimo imiyoboro igezweho n'uburyo bw'ingufu zikwirakwizwa.
2. Guhuza imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi mu karere: Kanada na Megizike, bakoresheje amasezerano ya Amerika-Megizike-Kanada (USMCA), barimo gushimangira imikoranire y’amashanyarazi na Amerika. Mu 2025, amasoko ya transfoma yo muri Kanada na Megizike ateganijwe kugera kuri miliyari 10 z’amadolari y’Amerika na miliyari 5 z’amadolari y’Amerika, ahanini ahura n’ibikenewe cyane na Amerika mu bijyanye na transfoma.

Incamake
Muri 2025, politiki mpuzamahanga y'inganda zihindura amashanyarazi zishingiye ku shingiro ry'"impinduka ku bidukikije + kuvugurura ikoranabuhanga"​:

Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi ushyigikira impinduka mu mikorere y’ingufu nke zikomoka ku karubone binyuze mu mikorere myiza no mu bidukikije;
Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba yongera mu buryo butaziguye icyifuzo cy'amashanyarazi akoresha transformer binyuze muri politiki y'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba;
Ubuhinde bukomeje kugenzura isoko no gushyira ibirango mu buryo bwiza;
Ubushinwa bwibanda ku guhuza ingufu zisubiramo n'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi igezweho;
Amerika ya Ruguru iteza imbere transformers zigezweho no guhuza uturere.
Izi politiki zose hamwe zituma inganda mpuzamahanga zikoresha ingufu nyinshi zihindura amashanyarazi zigana ku ​Ubuhanga buhanitse, ubwenge, no gukomeza kubaho.

(Icyitonderwa: Amakuru ari hejuru ashingiye ku makuru rusange kuva muri Mutarama kugeza muri Nyakanga 2025. Ku bijyanye na politiki zihariye, nyamuneka reba ibitabo bya leta.)