Ibikoresho byo gusimbuza

Switchgear ni iki?

Imiterere y'amashanyarazi igenzura ubushobozi bw'umutwaro wagenwe mbere y'uko ushyirwaho. Igomba kugenzurwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko umuriro urenze urugero ushyuha cyane insinga no kurenga umutwaro. Sisitemu iremereye cyane ni ikibazo cy'umutekano gishobora kwangiza ibice by'ingenzi ndetse kigatera inkongi z'amashanyarazi. Switchgear ihari kugira ngo igenzure imitungo y'amashanyarazi no kugenzura imikorere yayo mu mutekano no mu buryo bwiza.

Ibice by'ibikoresho byo gusimbuza birimo imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi igabanya umuriro, imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi igabanya umuriro, imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi igabanya umuriro, imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi n'ibikoresho bihagarika inkuba bitwara cyangwa bigahagarika imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi. Iyo amashanyarazi atangiye kwiyongera, imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ihagarika imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi kandi ikarinda amashanyarazi kwangirika bitewe n'ingufu nyinshi.

Kuki hakenewe switchgear?

Ibikoresho byo guhindura amashanyarazi byagenewe kurinda ibikoresho bihujwe n'amashanyarazi kubera ibyago byo kurenza urugero rw'amashanyarazi. Ibikoresho byo guhindura amashanyarazi birinda imashini, ibikoresho, moteri, n'izindi sisitemu zirimo imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi binyuze mu kugenzura no kugenzura urujya n'uruza rw'amashanyarazi.

Switchgear kandi irinda abahanga mu by’ubuziranenge no gusana ibyangiritse itandukanya ibyuma bikoresha ingufu. Abakora amashanyarazi n’ibigo bikoresha ingufu bishingikiriza kuri switchgear kugira ngo bakureho ingufu mu bikoresho kugira ngo bapime neza ibyuma bikoresha ingufu, bakore imirimo yo kubisana, kandi bakureho amakosa yo hasi.

Igikoresho cyo gusimbuza gikora gute?

Ibikoresho bya switchgear birinda kwangirika no guhagarara kwa serivisi binyuze mu kugenzura uburyo amashanyarazi anyuramo. Bishobora gutandukanya amashami yangiritse mu gihe bitanga ingufu ziva ahantu henshi zijya ku mutwaro. Iyo amashanyarazi atangiye kwiyongera cyangwa ikibazo gitera amashanyarazi agabanya umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi mu gice cy’amashanyarazi, ibice biyishyigikira bihagarika kandi bigasohora umuriro mu gice cy’amashanyarazi cyinshi mu gihe bikomeza gukoresha amashami akoresha amashanyarazi.

Switchboards vs. Switchgear
Utwuma duhindura amashanyarazi n'udukoresho duhindura amashanyarazi dukora imirimo itandukanye cyane. Dufite ibice bitandukanye by'ibikoresho, ingufu z'amashanyarazi, imikoreshereze, n'amabwiriza y'umutekano. Utwuma duhindura amashanyarazi ni ibikoresho bifite ingufu nke zikoreshwa mu bucuruzi no mu nganda mu kohereza, guhindura inzira, no gukwirakwiza ingufu ku dukoresho duhindura amashanyarazi ku giti cyatwo, sisitemu zo kugenzura, paneli z'amashanyarazi, n'imizigo. Utwuma duhindura amashanyarazi tugenzura urujya n'uruza rw'amashanyarazi kugira ngo hirindwe kwiyongera k'amashanyarazi mu buryo buteye akaga.

Ubwoko bw'ibikoresho byo gusimbuza
Muri Amerika ya Ruguru, ubwoko butatu bw'ibikoresho byo guhinduranya amashanyarazi bushyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe ibipimo ngenderwaho bya ANSI/IEEE na NEC 2014 ku buryo bw'amashanyarazi butanga imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi isimburana.

1. Ibikoresho byo guhindura amashanyarazi bifite ingufu nke bikoreshwa kuri sisitemu zikora munsi ya kilovolti 1 (kV).

2. Ibikoresho byo guhindura amashanyarazi bifite ingufu ziciriritse bikora kuri voltage kuva kuri 1 kV kugeza kuri 75 kV

3. Ibikoresho byo guhinduranya amashanyarazi bifite ingufu nyinshi bikora ku muvuduko wa 75 kV kugeza kuri 230 kV.

Ibikoresho byo guhinduranya amashanyarazi bigomba kuba biri mu gipangu cya NEMA gikwiye iyo bikoreshejwe hanze kugira ngo birindwe kwangirika no guhindagurika kw'ikirere.

● Imashini ikoresha ingufu nke
Imashini zikoresha ingufu nke zirimo switch, ibyuma bigabanya ingufu nke, ibyuma bigabanya ingufu nke zikoreshwa mu gusohora amazi mu butaka, ibyuma bigabanya ingufu nke zikoreshwa mu gusohora amazi mu butaka (MCB), ibyuma bigabanya ingufu zikoreshwa mu gusohora amazi mu buryo bwa molded case circuit breakers (MCCBs), ibyuma bigabanya ingufu zikoreshwa mu gusohora amazi mu buryo bwa HRC (high-interrupting capacity), hamwe n’ibikoresho bigabanya ingufu zikoreshwa mu gusohora amazi mu buryo bwa electrolyte.

Ibi bikoresho bishobora gushyirwaho kugira ngo bikoreshwe imbere cyangwa hanze kandi bishobora gupimwa kugira ngo bikoreshwe kuri volti 208, volti 240, volti 480, na volti 600 kugeza kuri volti 1000. Inganda, umujyi n'ubucuruzi bikunze gukoresha switchgear ifite voltage nke kugira ngo igenzure uburyo bwo kugeza amashanyarazi kuri HVAC, amatara, n'izindi nyubako.

● Imashini ikoresha amashanyarazi aciriritse
Imashini zihindura amashanyarazi zikoresha ingufu ziciriritse zikoresha peteroli, gaze, cyangwa vacuum cleaner hamwe n'izihindura amashanyarazi kugira ngo zihagarike urujya n'uruza rw'amashanyarazi mu gihe habayeho ikibazo cy'ingufu cyangwa ikibazo cya sisitemu. Izihindura amashanyarazi zirinda kandi zikonjesha ibice biri mu bikoresho bihindura amashanyarazi, mu gihe imashini ihindura amashanyarazi ikuramo aho ihuza amashanyarazi kugira ngo ikoreshe imbaraga zirenga.

Sisitemu zo mu nzu no hanze zikunze kugurwa kuri 5 kV, 12 kV, 15 kV, na 35 kV kugeza kuri 75 kV kugira ngo zigaragaze ingufu ntarengwa zishobora gutanga. Ibi bikoresho byo guhinduranya amashanyarazi bikunze gukoreshwa mu dusanduku dutanga amashanyarazi no mu dusanduku duto tw’amashanyarazi. Binakoreshwa mu kugenzura moteri, amashami afasha mu gutanga amashanyarazi, na moteri zitanga amashanyarazi mu nganda n’ubucuruzi.

● Imashini ikoresha ingufu nyinshi
Imashini zihindura amashanyarazi zifite ingufu nyinshi zigenzura imikorere y’amashanyarazi ku kigero cya kV 75 nibura. Ibi bikoresho bihindura amashanyarazi bikoresha ibikoresho bigabanya amashanyarazi, ibikoresho byo gusimbuza ubutaka, ibikoresho byo gusimbuza amashanyarazi afite ingufu nyinshi, ibyuma bihindura amashanyarazi n’ibikoresho bigabanya amashanyarazi kugira ngo bigenzure, bigenzure, bivange, bikuremo kandi bisohora amazi.

Kubera ko ikosa iryo ari ryo ryose ry'amashanyarazi rishobora gutuma habaho umurambararo ukomeye cyane, ibikoresho byo guhinduranya amashanyarazi bifite ingufu nyinshi bigomba gukora buri gihe kandi mu buryo bwizewe. Ibi bikoresho byo guhinduranya ni ingenzi mu bikorwa bihura n'ikosa ry'amashanyarazi rikabije kandi bigakenera gukabya ingufu buri gihe. Bikunze kuboneka mu buryo bunini bwo kohereza no gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi ndetse n'ibigo by'ubucuruzi cyangwa inganda.

Ubwoko bw'ubwirinzi bw'ibikoresho byo gusimbuza
Hamwe n’ingufu zitandukanye, switchgear ishobora kandi gukoresha ubwoko butandukanye bw’ubushyuhe kugira ngo irinde ibikoresho bikoresha ingufu ku mvune z’amashanyarazi. Udukingirizo tw’ibikingi dukoresha ubwoko bukurikira bw’ubushyuhe.

● Ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bikoresha gazi
Igikoresho cyo gusimbuza umwuka gikoresha gazi (GIS) gikoresha utumashini dukoresha umwuka wa hexafluoride (SF6) dukoresha umwuka wa sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) kugira ngo dushyireho umwuka wa conductors n'ibintu bikoranaho kandi tuzimye umuriro wa arc uterwa n'ikosa ry'amashanyarazi. Dioxyde de carbone (CO2) ni ubundi buryo bwo kwirinda imihindagurikire y'ikirere aho gukoresha SF6. Gusimbuza SF6 CO2 bishobora kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere ho toni 10 mu gihe cyose ibikoresho bimara.

● Ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bikoresha amashanyarazi ashyushye
Igikoresho cyo gusimbuza umwuka (AIS) gikoresha utumashini dukoresha umwuka ufunze cyangwa imbaraga za rukuruzi kugira ngo cyongere umuvuduko w'umwuka bityo kizisohora.

● Ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bikoresha amashanyarazi ashyushye
Igikoresho cyo gusimbuza amavuta gihindura amavuta y’ubutare mu nzira y’umurambararo w’umuraba wakozwe iyo imiyoboro itwara umuriro itandukanye, kikayikikizaho umutuku w’umwuka wa hydrogen usohora umuriro w’amashanyarazi kandi ukabuza uwo murambararo kongera gukubita.

● Ibikoresho byo guhinduranya amashanyarazi bikoresha icyuma gishyushya
Igikoresho cyo gukinga gikoresha umwuka gikuraho molekile zishobora gushyirwamo iyoni hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi. Umugozi uwo ari wo wose uzaramba kandi ugashira nubwo amashanyarazi yazamuka.

Gushyiraho Switchgear
Abakozi bafite uruhushya rukwiye bagomba gushyiraho ibikoresho byose byo guhinduranya amashanyarazi hakurikijwe amategeko agenga umutekano, amabwiriza y’inyubako, n’amabwiriza y’uruganda. Gushyiraho neza bituma imikorere ihora ikora neza.