Amakuru

Bitewe no gukomeza kunoza ubumenyi ku bidukikije ku isi ndetse n’iterambere ryihuse ry’ikoranabuhanga, imishinga mishya y’ingufu igenda iba ibicuruzwa by’ingenzi ku isoko ry’ingufu zihindura ikirere mu gihe kizaza. Iyi mishinga ntiteza imbere gusa impinduka mu buryo bw’ibidukikije mu buryo bw’amashanyarazi, ahubwo inatanga inkunga ikomeye mu kubaka umuyoboro w’ingufu utekanye kandi uboneye. Binyuze mu gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ry’ingufu zisubira nk’iz’umuyaga, imirasire y’izuba n’ingufu, imashini nshya zihindura ingufu zishobora kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere no kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku bikomoka ku mavuta gakondo, bityo bigatanga umusanzu mu kugera ku kutagira karuboni ku isi.

Igipimo cy’impinduka cya transformer kivuga ku gipimo cy’amashanyarazi hagati y’impinduka ya voltage nyinshi (HV) n’impinduka ya voltage nke (LV). By’umwihariko, kigereranya igipimo cy’amashanyarazi yagenwe ku ruhande rw’ibanze (ubusanzwe yitwa uruhande rwa voltage nyinshi cyangwa urw’inyongera) ku muvuduko wa voltage ugenwe ku ruhande rwa kabiri (ubusanzwe kizwi nka uruhande rwa voltage nke cyangwa urw’umusaruro).

Transformateur z'amashanyarazi menshi (HV) zakozwe ku muvuduko wa ≥35 kV (Amerika ya Ruguru) cyangwa ≥36 kV (Uburayi), zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu miyoboro y'amashanyarazi kugira ngo zongere umusaruro wa generator mu gutanga amashanyarazi kure no kugabanya amashanyarazi ku mashanyarazi. Mu buryo bunyuranye, transformateur z'amashanyarazi make (LV) (≤1 kV) zikora ku buryo bwo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi mu gace ziherereyemo, zigabanya amashanyarazi ku rugero rushoboka ku mazu, ubucuruzi, n'inganda. Transformateur z'amashanyarazi ziganje mu mikoreshereze ya HV (urugero, 110–765 kV), mu gihe transformateur zikwirakwiza amashanyarazi zibanda kuri sisitemu za LV (≤33 kV).

Isoko ry’amashanyarazi rya Amerika ririmo gukura no guhinduka cyane, bitewe n’ibikorwa remezo bishaje, kwiyongera k’ikenerwa ry’amashanyarazi, no guhuza amasoko y’ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa. Hasi hari isesengura rirambuye ry’uko ibintu bimeze ubu n’ibizaba byifashe mu gihe kizaza.

Transformer ikoresheje amazi ni ubwoko bwa transformer y'amashanyarazi ikoresha amavuta nk'uburyo bwo guhumeka no gukonjesha. Iyi transformer ikora ihindura umuriro usimburana (AC) kuva ku rugero rumwe rw'amashanyarazi ujya ku rundi, haba kongera (kuzamuka) cyangwa kugabanya (kumanuka) ingufu z'amashanyarazi. Transformer igizwe n'inkingi ya rukuruzi, imizunguruko, n'ibice, byose byinjijwe mu mavuta ya transformer, bigira uruhare runini mu kubungabunga imikorere y'igikoresho.

Imbere ni umutima w'uruziga rwa rukuruzi rwa transformer. Ubwiza bwayo bugira ingaruka zitaziguye ku kubura kwa transformer nta mutwaro ndetse n'urwego rw'urusaku.

Transformer ihindura umwuka kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu gukora hydrogen ni "uburyo bwihariye bwo gutanga ingufu n'umutima" mu bikoresho bitanga electrolysis y'amazi (electrolyzer). Inshingano yayo nyamukuru ni uguhindura umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi (AC) usimburana mu muyoboro w'amashanyarazi (DC) ufite umuyoboro mwinshi n'amashanyarazi make asabwa na electrolyzer.

Iri ni icyiciro cy’umutekano gikomoka ku mahame ngenderwaho y’imashini zikora ingufu za kirimbuzi (urugero, IEEE Std 323 muri Amerika cyangwa GB/T 12727 mu Bushinwa). Rivuga ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi n’uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo gukora imirimo y’ingenzi y’umutekano, nko kuzimya byihutirwa icyuma gitwara amashanyarazi, gutandukanya ibikoresho, gukonjesha igice cy’icyuma gitwara amashanyarazi, no gukumira irekurwa ry’ibikoresho bikoresha imirasire.

Hamwe n'ubwoko bwa keraTransformateur ya 1000kVAubu ifite umutwaro wa 200kW, ese iyi transformateur ishobora kwakira ukwiyongera k'ubusabe niba duteganya kongeramo umutwaro mushya wa 600kW? Iki kibazo kireba ahanini igitekerezo cy'ibanze: isano n'itandukaniro riri hagati ya kVA na kW.

Bitewe no gukomeza kunoza ubumenyi ku bidukikije ku isi ndetse n’iterambere ryihuse ry’ikoranabuhanga, imishinga mishya y’ingufu igenda iba ibicuruzwa by’ingenzi ku isoko ry’ingufu zihindura ikirere mu gihe kizaza. Iyi mishinga ntiteza imbere gusa impinduka mu buryo bw’ibidukikije mu buryo bw’amashanyarazi, ahubwo inatanga inkunga ikomeye mu kubaka umuyoboro w’ingufu utekanye kandi uboneye. Binyuze mu gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ry’ingufu zisubira nk’iz’umuyaga, imirasire y’izuba n’ingufu, imashini nshya zihindura ingufu zishobora kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere no kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku bikomoka ku mavuta gakondo, bityo bigatanga umusanzu mu kugera ku kutagira karuboni ku isi.